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talofa, o le CEO lea o Athena mai le mit-ivy industry mo vailaʻau i Saina.
Intermediates: O vailaʻau vaʻavaʻa o se lala e sili ona taua o le pisinisi vailaʻau lelei, ma o le faʻavaveina o le atinaʻeina o pisinisi vali e faʻalagolago i le atinaʻeina o mea vavalalata e o faatasi ma ia.
O le gaosiga o vailaʻau ma vailaʻau vavalo i Saina ua matua atinaʻe talu mai le 1950s. Fa'atasi ai ma le fa'atupula'ia o le fa'atauva'a fa'atauva'a i le maketi, ua fa'afou ai le vali ma le pigmenti i le gaosiga o tekonolosi; ua latou faia fa'alavelave i le tele o vaega e pei o le atina'eina o ituaiga fou, fa'aleleia le gaosiga o le gaosiga, su'esu'eina o metotia fou, fa'aoga fou o ituaiga tuai, puipuia o le si'osi'omaga, ma isi, ma le fa'aaogaina o tekonolosi mama mo le gaosiga o le vali ma le pigment intermediates.
1
Le atinaʻeina o le faʻaogaina o mea tau

O le mea moni, o le faʻaogaina o le atinaʻeina o vaeluagalemu e tele, o se mea faʻapitoa e faʻaaogaina i le vali e taʻua o le vali, ma faʻaaogaina i vailaau faʻamaʻi, vailaʻau ma taʻua o vailaau faʻasaina, vailaʻau vailaʻau. Intermediates e tatau ona mafaufauina o se lala o le alamanuia kemikolo lelei atoa, e le tatau ona matuaʻi vaevaeina i dyestuff intermediates, vailaau e tineia ai manu faalafua, pharmaceutical intermediates e ala i alamanuia, lea o le a faaitiitia le lautele o le faaaogaina o nisi intermediates ma aafia ai lo latou atinae.

O suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga vailaʻau lelei e faʻaalia i le tele o ituaiga, faʻaopoopo i nai ituaiga o fua o gaosiga e matua tele lava, o le tele o ituaiga o tone e le tele tele, ae o le sauniuniga e masani ona faigata, e aofia ai le tele o tali ma le vavaeeseina. , o le gaosiga foi na maua ai le tele o "tolu otaota" e manaʻomia ona taulimaina lelei. O le mea lea, e tatau ona tatou auai i le faagasologa o suʻesuʻega o oloa faʻasologa ma faʻatulagaina le gaosiga o mea faʻavaitaimi talafeagai ina ia maua ai faʻamanuiaga lelei.

Mai le tulaga o atunuu i fafo, o le suʻesuʻega ma le gaosiga o mea vavalalata e masani ona faʻatumauina lelei e ausia ai le gaosiga o faʻasologa, o se seti o meafaigaluega gaosiga e mafai ona maua mai ai le tele o ituaiga o vaʻavaʻa, o suʻesuʻega ma gaosiga e ala i le atinaʻe atoa, faʻaogaina o tekinolosi fou e faigofie ona faatino, o le a ausia faalua le taunuuga i le afa o le taumafaiga. O le tulaga o Iapani e mafai ona mo lo tatou faasinomaga, o le uluai gaosiga o intermediates i Iapani e matua faataapeapeina foi, mai le 1960 ua fitu taimi e fetuunai, taulai.

E ala i suiga ma atinaʻe, ua oʻo i le tulaga maualuga o le gaosiga o le gaosiga o le gaosiga, tekinolosi ma meafaigaluega, e le gata ina mafai ona faʻafetaui manaʻoga o le atinaʻeina o le valiina o le fale ma le pigmenti, ae faʻapea foʻi ona tuʻuina atu le tele o intermediates. mo atunuu i fafo.

O mea mataʻina e manaʻomia mo le tuʻufaʻatasia o mea vavalalata e masani lava ona maua mai i oloa o le suauʻu ma le gaosiga o vailaʻau kemisi, o le tele o ia mea o le benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone compounds, faʻapea foʻi ma nisi o vailaʻau heterocyclic, ma o meaʻai faʻalaʻau saunia ma vailaʻau heterocyclic o loʻo i luga. le siitia i tausaga talu ai nei. E le gata i lea, o le phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl series of compounds, o nei mea faʻapitoa faʻapitoa e faʻaaogaina i le gaosiga o vali, ona faʻaogaina lea o mea faʻapipiʻi gaosia o le a sili atu ona salalau ma taatele.
2
O fa'a'avega fa'ama'i masani e fa'aaogaina mo vaila'au

O le fa'agaioiina o mea mata e fai i le vali (lanu) vaeluaga o mea e masani ona fa'aaogaina kemikolo e fa'apea.
(1) tali sulfonation
(2) Tali fa'ama'i
(3) tali halogenation
(4) Fa'aitiitiga tali e saunia ai amino
(5) Diazotization tali (e masani ona o faatasi ma le sooga tali)
(6) alkali fusion tali e sui ai le sulfonic acid vaega i hydroxyl
(7) Tali acylation
(8) Fa'ali'i fa'ama'i
(9) condensation ma carbonation tali
(10) Fa'afofoga fa'afofoga (tele amino)
(11) fa'afesuia'i fa'afoliga o vaega hydroxyl ma amino
(12) hydroxyl po'o amino hydrocarbonation tali
E tusa ai ma le fausaga o le mama manogi autu o intermediates vailaʻau lelei, e mafai ona vaevaeina intermediates i faiga aliphatic, faiga benzene, faiga naphthalene, faiga anthraquinone, faiga heterocyclic ma faiga mama mafiafia. E mafai e lo tatou atunuu ona gaosia le sili atu i le 400 ituaiga o intermediates e pei o le benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic ma isi vali ma pigment intermediates, lea e mafai ona fetaui ma manaoga o le atinaʻeina o le valiina ma le pigmenti pisinisi.
Ata
3
O ituaiga autu o le benzene system

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N- ethylaniline, m-hydroxy-diethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o- ma le p-aminoanisole, DSD N-methyl-m-toluidine , N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N -methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N -ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxyaniline, 2-4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy -3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N, N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- ma para-esters, ma isi.
4
Naphthalene-fa'avae va'ava'ai ituaiga autu

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, tartaric acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4-acid oxygenate, J-acid, peri-acid, γ- acid, G-masima, R-masima, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R- acid, ma isi. O ituaiga autu o anthraquinone-based intermediates o: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, ma isi.
5
Heterocyclic ma mafiafia-mama le ituaiga autu

Melamine, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-amino thiazole, dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N- ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, tetracarboxylic anhydride, ma isi.