Cyano vaega e malosi polarity ma electron absorption, o lea e mafai ona alu loloto i totonu o le porotini sini e fausia ai le hydrogen sootaga ma toega amino acid autu i le nofoaga galue. I le taimi lava e tasi, o le vaega o le cyano o le bioelectronic isosteric body o carbonyl, halogen ma isi vaega galue, lea e mafai ona faʻaleleia le fegalegaleaiga i le va o vailaʻau faʻasaina laiti ma polotini taulaʻi, o lea e faʻaaogaina lautele i le faʻatulagaina o vailaʻau ma vailaau faʻasaina [1] . O le cyano sui o loʻo i ai vailaʻau faʻafomaʻi e aofia ai le saxagliptin (Ata 1), verapamil, febuxostat, ma isi; O fualaau fa'ato'aga e aofia ai le bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil ma isi. E le gata i lea, o le cyano compounds e iai foʻi le taua o le faʻaaogaina i totonu o fanua o mea manogi, mea aoga ma isi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le Citronitrile o se manogi fou o le nitrile faavaomalo, ma le 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile o se mea taua tele mo le saunia o mea tioata vai. E mafai ona vaʻaia o le cyano compounds e faʻaaogaina lautele i fanua eseese ona o latou uiga tulaga ese [2].

Cyano vaega e malosi polarity ma electron absorption, o lea e mafai ona alu loloto i totonu o le porotini sini e fausia ai le hydrogen sootaga ma toega amino acid autu i le nofoaga galue. I le taimi lava e tasi, o le vaega o le cyano o le bioelectronic isosteric body o carbonyl, halogen ma isi vaega galue, lea e mafai ona faʻaleleia le fegalegaleaiga i le va o vailaʻau faʻasaina laiti ma polotini taulaʻi, o lea e faʻaaogaina lautele i le faʻatulagaina o vailaʻau ma vailaau faʻasaina [1] . O le cyano sui o loʻo i ai vailaʻau faʻafomaʻi e aofia ai le saxagliptin (Ata 1), verapamil, febuxostat, ma isi; O fualaau fa'ato'aga e aofia ai le bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil ma isi. E le gata i lea, o le cyano compounds e iai foʻi le taua o le faʻaaogaina i totonu o fanua o mea manogi, mea aoga ma isi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le Citronitrile o se manogi fou o le nitrile faavaomalo, ma le 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile o se mea taua tele mo le saunia o mea tioata vai. E mafai ona vaʻaia o le cyano compounds e faʻaaogaina lautele i fanua eseese ona o latou uiga tulaga ese [2].

2.2 electrophilic cyanidation tali ole enol boride

O le 'au a Kensuke Kiyokawa [4] na fa'aogaina le cyanide reagents n-cyano-n-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) ma le p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (tscn) e ausia ai le maualuga o le eletise electrophilic cyanidation o le enol boron compounds (Ata 3). E ala i lenei polokalame fou, eseese β- Acetonitrile, ma o loʻo i ai le tele o meaʻai.

2.3 fa'ameaola fa'amasani fa'ata'ita'i fa'ata'ita'iga silico cyanide tali o ketones

Talu ai nei, na lipotia ai e le vaega a Peniamina [5] i totonu o le tusi talaaga Natura le eseesega enantiomeric o le 2-butanone (Ata 4a) ma le asymmetric cyanide reaction o le 2-butanone faʻatasi ai ma enzymes, faʻamaʻi faʻasolosolo ma faʻaliliuga uʻamea suiga, faʻaaoga HCN poʻo tmscn e pei o le cyanide reagent. (Ata 4b). Faʻatasi ai ma le tmscn e pei o le cyanide reagent, 2-butanone ma le tele o isi ketones na faʻaalia i le sili atu le enantioselective silyl cyanide reactions i lalo o tulaga catalytic o idpi (Ata 4C).

Ata 4 A, enantiomeric differentiation o le 2-butanone. e. Asymmetric cyanidation o le 2-butanone ma enzymes, faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ma faʻasologa uʻamea suiga.

i. O le Idpi e fa'atupuina le tali sili enantioselective silyl cyanide o le 2-butanone ma le tele o isi ketones.

2.4 fa'alumaina fa'aitiitiga o aldehydes

I le tu'ufa'atasiga o mea fa'alenatura, o le tosmic lanu meamata e fa'aaogaina e avea o se cyanide reagent e faigofie ai ona liua aldehydes fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i i nitriles. O lenei metotia o loʻo faʻaogaina atili e faʻafeiloaʻi ai se isi carbon atom i totonu o aldehydes ma ketones. O lenei metotia e taua tele i le Enantiospecific total synthesis o jiadifenolide ma o se laasaga autu i le faʻaogaina o oloa faʻanatura, e pei o le faʻaogaina o mea faʻanatura e pei o le clerodane, caribenol A ma le caribenol B [6] (Ata 5).

2.5 electrochemical tali cyanide o organic amine

I le avea ai o se tekinolosi faʻapipiʻi lanu meamata, o le faʻaogaina o le eletise eletise ua faʻaaogaina lautele i vaega eseese o le faʻaogaina o meaola. I tausaga talu ai nei, ua sili atu ma sili atu tagata suʻesuʻe ua gauai atu i ai. PrashanthW. Menezes team [7] na lipotia talu ai nei e mafai ona faʻamaʻiina saʻo le amine aromatic poʻo le aliphatic amine i le cyano compounds i le 1m KOH solution (e aunoa ma le faʻaopoopoina o le cyanide reagent) faʻatasi ai ma le gafatia faifaipea o le 1.49vrhe faʻaaogaina taugofie Ni2Si catalyst, ma fua maualuga (Ata 6) .

03 aotelega

O le cyanidation ose mea taua tele ole synthesis reaction. Amata mai le manatu o le kemisi lanumeamata, o le siosiomaga faauo cyanide reagents e faʻaaogaina e suitulaga masani oona ma leaga cyanide reagents, ma auala fou e pei ole solvent-free, non catalytic ma microwave irradiation e faʻaaogaina e faʻalautele atili ai le lautele ma le loloto o suʻesuʻega, o lea. e fa'atupu ai le tele o fa'amanuiaga tau tamaoaiga, agafesootai ma le si'osi'omaga i le gaosiga o alamanuia [8]. Fa'atasi ai ma le fa'aauauina pea o su'esu'ega fa'asaienisi, o le a fa'atupula'ia le tali atu o le cyanide i fua maualuga, tamaoaiga ma kemisi lanu meamata.